Top 30 words of Chinese origins you can’t ignore if you are leaving to Singapore

Posted By on 27 Settembre 2014

Chinese, Chinese words, Chinese dialects, Hokkien Chinese, Teochew Chinese, Cantonese, Chinese, Hakka Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, Singlish words, Singlish vocabulary

English or Chinese?

If you are leaving to Singapore and you are convinced that your knowledge of Standard English will allow you to understand and make yourself understand by local population without particular problems, you can even skip this article, but if you don’t want to be the “protagonist” of unfortunate misunderstandings or fall into really embarassing situations, I strongly recommend you to read it carefully!

If you are instead in Singapore since some days, I am 99,9% sure you’ve already understood what I am talking about. 😀

Getting around among all those colourful markets and the countless local stores and stalls widespread in “Lion City”, you’ll have certainly noticed that your english has really nothing to do with the local variety of English spoken by Singaporeans.

Nevertheless you’ve been told that in Singapore Island English Language was one of the 4 official languages.

There is something strange, there is something incredibly exotic in the sounds and in the most common daily words that make it vaguely similar to Chinese!

Don’t worry, you have just listened to a little bit of Singlish! 😉

In a multiethnic and multicultural society such as that of Singapore, it definitely should not surprise at all the widespread phenomenon of the continuous lexical borrowings interchange between all different languages and dialects all over the insular territory.

Although English Language is prooven to be both the main tool of interaction among local people belonging to different lingustic communities (in intranational communication contexts) and the Language through which the local Government holds the vaste majority of all diplomatic relationships with foreign countries, as well as the main Language through which the most prestigious local Companies interact with their commercial partners and collaborators from abroad, we should take note of the fact that, especially in the context of daily informal communication, Singapore Colloqual English is continuously enriched with new colorful  expressions and a moltitude of new words coming from all those contextual Languages and dialects.

The unbridled and continuous irruption of all these lexical borrowings seems to have become so overwhelming as to arose not a few misunderstandings and difficulties in ordinary communication for foreign people.

As a consequence, once landed in “Lion City”, probably after a little tour among the historical streets and the crowded markets of Singapore, whoever tourist or businessman realizes that, especially in certain areas far away from those traditional tourist destinations, his knowledge of Standard English can help him very little during his interaction with local population and far less during his argumentation of local topics and ordinary conversations1.

With the purpose to encurage and promote all tourist activities in Singapore, also the Singapore Tourism Board, which is the main government institution that regulates and coordinates all those activities and initiatives aimed to the development of tourist actraction in the all over the country, shows a considerable interest and commitment  in the resolution of such issues by providing all visitors and tourists with useful leaflets and mini glossaries containing both the most widespread words and all those colourfull typical expressions belonging to the unpredictable Singapore Colloquial English2.

Top Singlish words and typical expressions coming from Hokkien Chinese Dialect

Hokkien Chinese, Fujian, China, Chinese, Chinese dialects, Hokkien spread

A remarkable contribution, especially for what concerns the entry of new words of frequent use in Singapore Colloquial English, risults to have been provided by all those charming and diversified  Chinese dialects present in Singapore isular territory, in particular by the three most widespread Chinese dialects in “Lion City” such as: Hokkien, Teochew and Cantonese.

Among these three dialecs a position of indisputable prestige, for what concerns the degree of influence exercised on the formation of Singlish Lexicon, should be duly recognized to the Hokien Chinese Dialect, whose origins are related to some areas in the South-end of the current Chinese Province of Fujian (Southern China)3.

Among the countles loans coming from the Chinese Dialect hokkien, belonging in turn to the branch of Sinitic Languages, we can find a moltitude of words and expressions of daily use just like Ah Beng, which is a transliteration of the Chinese Alphabet Characters 阿明, through which is written one of the most frequent male personal name within Singaporean Chinese Community.

This expression within Singapore Colloquial Singlish takes on a totally different meaning; in fact, it is aften used with a derogatory connotation with reference to a person who shows a poor interest his look and appearance in a broader sense.

In a typical sentence of Singapore Colloquial English as for instance:

«Why you go and make friend with those Ah Beng Ah Seng?»,

which could be translated into Singapore Standard English as follows:

«Why are you associating with those Ah Bengs?»

and into Italian Language with the following words:

«Perchè frequenti (vai in giro con) quei miserabili?» (5),

The expression Ah Beng Ah Seng, transliteration of Chinese Characters 阿明阿成 indicates a scruffy and shady group of people, rendering both the idea of a cluster of individuals who share some distinctive features that make them similar one another and the plural of the expression Ah Beng.  

However, it must be remenbered that the word Ah Seng, considered separately, emphasizes the derogatory character of whatever term to which it is postponed.

A further loan of Hokkien Chinese origin is the word Suaku, which is in turn the result of the transliteration of Chinese Characters 山龜, frequently used for pointing out a backward person or, in an even more derogatory way, a poorly educated individual.

Among all the most widespread Singlish words of Hokkien Chinese origins we can also include: 

  • Ah Pek, transliteration of Chinese Ideograms阿伯, which, in Singapore Colloquial English indicates an old person of male gender;
  • the word Ah Soh, transliteration of Chinese Characters阿嫂 through which Singaporean teenagers usually call middle-aged women and
  • the adjective Sian frequently used for replacing the English adjectives bored or tired.

Even in the way of expressing their pleasure for something or their appreciation toward someone, Singapore inhabitants are accustomed to use many other words of clear Hokkien Chinese origins.

It might be an obvious example the word Song, transliteration of the Chinese grapheme 爽, which most often replaces the English adjective and adverb good  in some exclamations as:

SINGLISH: «After the bath, I feel very song!»;

ENGLISH: «After the bath, I feel very good!»

ITALIAN: «Dopo il bagno, mi sento benissimo!».

Then, when it comes to express admiration or appreciation for a really charming and attractive woman, the typical American English expression hot chick, is often replaced by the word Chiobu, also borrowed from the Chinese dialect Hokkien6.

A glance to some Teochew Chinese loans in Singlish

Guangdong, Teochew Chinese, Teochew dialect, Spread of Teochew, Teochew Spread, Teochew origins

Within the circle of lexical borrowings coming from Chinese Teochew Dialect (the epicenter of which propagation would seem to be detectable on the east coast of today’s Guangdong province, more precisely in the ancient city port of Swatow or Shantou in Mandarin Chinese)7 we can find a moltitude of words as well as a lot of different sayings capable of igniting any kind of informal conversation.

A funny example is the famous saying:

«Ai Pee, Ai Chee, Ai Tua Liap Nee!»

which literally translated into Standard English would be:

«Want cheap, want pretty, want big breast!»,

and into Italian Language would become:

«La vuoi semplice, carina e con un grande animo!»,

often referred to some very pretentious individuals whose expectations are patently unachievaqble.

In order to better understand the the metaphorical sense of this expression, one might analyze the following Singlish sentence:

«Singaporeans are very hard to please, one. They all Ai Pee, Ai Chee, Ai Tua Liap Nee!»

which translated into Italian Language according to a non strictly literal procedure may become:

«I singaporiani sono difficilissimi da soddisfare. Sono tutti incontentabili!»8.

Among the most important Teochew Chinese linguistic loans in Singapore Colloquial English we can find:

  • the popular term Ah Nia, which, in substitution of the two traditional English adjectives pretty and beautiful (respectively carina and bella in Italian), is widely used for describing a young attractive girl in an alternative way9

and

  • The culirary word orni (more precisely o-nee) through which Singaporeans usually indicate a typical Teochew sweet snack prepared with pumpkins and sweet American potatoes.

The phonetic transcription of the this word, according to the graphic symbols of International Phonetic Alphabet, risults to be /ɒ’ni:/, which, in turn, is nothing but the result of a combination of two Chinese Characters: 芋 (/ɒ/), which represents the sweet American potatoes, and 泥 (/ni:/), widely used among Teochew cooks with reference to certain particularly homogeneous food compounds whose essential ingredients, once finished their preparation process, become similar to a mash10.

Staying within the culinary terminology sphere, we cannot avoid to talk about some further Chinese lexical loans, whose use, with the passing of decades, has become more and more frequent, especially for what concerns the informal communication context.

Among these words we find: Char Kwai Teow (trasliteration of Chinese Graphemes 炒粿条, which is the name of a typical Hokkien delicacy made of fried rice noodles, bean sprouts, eggs and shellfish flavoured with a sweet black soy sauce)11, Popiah (the traditional name with which the vast majority of Singapore residents of Hokkien origins are used to call the famous Chinese Spring Rolls), transliteration of the Chinese ideograms 薄饼12 having, in turn, the literal meaning of thin biscuit, probably with reference to their very thin flour batter external shell)13 and  Chze Char (whose literal translation from Hokkien Chinese Dialect into English Language is cook and fry (in Italian “cuoci e friggi”), used in a broad sense for indicating some typical courses of the traditional Chinese Cuisine sold in the countless food stalls of the legendary “Lion City”)14.

All this heat made you thirsty, right? 😉 A nice iced drink is just what we need!

What do would you like to drink: a Teh-Peng, a Bandung or an Ice Kosong?

Badung, Singapore, Singapore drinks

Even in the names of many typical Singaporean drinks, we can notice a frequent use of loanwords of various origins.

In Summer, during the hottest days, for example, a lot of Singaporeans are used to ask the barman for a Teh-Peng (from Hokkien Chinese dialect tea with ice), a Bandung (Malaysian beverage of indian origin made of goat’s milk and rose syrup) or simply an Ice Kosong (a very particular lexical hybridization formed by the union of the English substantive ice and the Malay adjective kosong [empty])15.

Teh Peng, Singapore drinks, Hokkien drinks

Cantonese Chinese words and expressions in today’s Singapore Colloquial English

Guangxi, Cantonese Chinese, Cantonese dialect, China, Chinese

A considerable amount of lexical borrowings of significant relevance and widespread use among the youth population in Singapore, especially within the sphere of informal communication, finds his roots in the lexicon of Cantonese Chinese dialect, whose origins are located in certain coastal areas of Southern China such as the current province of Guangdong and the outlying area of today’s eastern province of Guangxi16.

Among all Cantonese Chinese loan words that over the centuries progressively entered into Singapore Colloquial English lexicon, the two most popular are:

  • Pak Toh, transliteration of the Chinese characters 拍拖, which, especially in youth language, more and more frequently replaces the English verb to flirt;

and

  • Pok Kai most often used as an alternative to the English expression to go bankrupt (fallire)17.

There are also several words belonging to the restoration jargon such as for example:

  • Har Gau (a typical dish of traditional Cantonese cuisine very much appreciated by tourists and accasional travellers that consists in a sort of large ravioli and stuffed with shrimps, wrapped in a particular translucent film whose etimology appears to derive from the transliteration of the Chinese graphemes 虾 [prawn, shrimp] and 饺 [meat dumpling]);

 

  • Char Siew (literally “broiled”, this expression is widely used for indicating another traditional Cantonese dish made of boneless lean pork, cooked on a spit and seasoned with honey, soy sauce and spices and derived by transliteration of the Chinese graphemes 叉 [noun fork or verb to pierce] and 烧 [roast, ignite or burn])

and

  • Chee Cheong Fun that is the name by which many Singaporeans belonging to Cantonese Chinese community usually indicate the typical Cantonese ravioli prepared with unleavened rice flour dough cooked with steam, often stuffed with chopped pork, beef or shrimps flavoured with a sweet black soy souce and sprinkled with sesame seeds18.

Hakka Chinese loan words in Singlish: the contribution of the guest people

Spread of Hakka Chinese dialect in Cina, Hong Kong, Taiwan e Macau -

Though definitely less then the most widespread Chinese dialects Hokkien, Teochew and Cantonese, even another dialect of Chinese origins such as Hakka, present on the Island since the early years of the great economic boom of the late nineteenth century, gave its own contribution to the lexical enrichment of Singapore Colloquial English.

Traditionally great emigrants and particularly proud of their linguistic origins19, Hakkas, better known in the largest part of China (but especially in Singapore) with the nickname “Guest People”20, carried into the lexicon of Singlish the expression Boh Bah Ti (Hakka version of the Hokkien Mm Tzai Si) through which are usually warned those people with a remarkable boldness and particularly reckless of danger.

In certain highly populated areas of Singapore, where hakka presence is stronger, not at all appear to be rare cases in which the above mentioned expression in replacement of the Hokkien version Mm Tzai Si, whose literal translation into Standard Ebglish is unconscious of death.

From a far broader perspective, it could also mean “reckless of danger”, as it is shown in the following Singlish sentence:

«Why you go and make fun of Ah Beng’s tatoo? Mm Tzai Si!»,

which into Italian becomes:

«Perché ti prendi gioco dei tatuaggi di quegli scapestrati? Incosciente!»21.

Among the various linguistic realities belonging to the branch of Sinitic Languages that are nowadays an essential part of the complex Singaporean linguistic system, we must aknowledge a prestige position to Mandarin Chinese.

Mandarin Chinese words and expression in Singapore Colloquial English?

Mandarin Chinese, China, Spread of Mandarin Chinese dialect, Mandarin Chinese origins

In a broad sense, il term Mandarin Chinese indicates those Chinese dialects whose roots are located in Northern China, which, in turn, share certain morphological structures and/or lexical characteristics.

In its standard form, however, Mandarin Chinese, could be considered as an almost artificial language to the creation of which have contributed, with different levels of intensity, almost all dialects of Northern China, but of which the dialect of Beijing remains the regulatory core22, in particular for what concerns the resolution to all pronunciation issues, which over the centuries has gradually become the only one officially recognized by: People’s Republic of China (where it is better known as Putonghua, whose literal meaning is “Modern Standard Chinese”), Taiwan (where it is called Guoyu, literally “national language”) and Singapore23.

Energetically supported in the contest of public education policies by People’s Action Party, more and more aimed towards bilingualism, but especially promoted by the Speaking Mandarin Campaign launched by the Ministry of Culture in 1979 in order to stop the rampant spread of the other Chinese dialects, towards the end of Eighties Mandarin Chinese was already considered by Singapore Government leadership an essential tool through which the whole economic system of the former British Colony would have obtained the extraordinary opportunity to successfully reach those huge and ever more diversified economic and financial resources of the People’s Republic of China24.

As a direct consequence of this, also Mandarin Chinese, especially during the last decades, has had a remarkable impact on the composition of Singlish lexicon with a several ordinary words and expressions as:

  • mah fan that most often replaces both the Standard English adjective bothersome and the verb to bother in daily sentences as:

SINGLISH: «Why you always come and mah fan me one?»

ENGLISH: «Why do you always come and bother me?»

or:

SINGLISH: «Why they want to ask so many questions? So mah fan one!»

ENGLISH: «Why do they want to ask so many questions? They are so bothersome!»;

  • gua gua jiao (Mandarin Chinese version of Hokkien Chinese kiu kiu kio) which more and more frequently replaces the Standard English expression to make a lot of noise / a big deal out of nothing in some sentences as:

SINGLISH: «Aiyah25, you told me how many times oreddy! I’ll do it! Just don’t kiu kiu kio anymore, can or not?»

ENGLISH: «Phew, how many times have you told me that already! I’ll do it! Don’t make a big deal out of nothing, can you do that?»26;

  • lei cha fan, which, derived through transliteration from the Chinese Characters 擂 (grinded) 茶 (tea) and 饭 (boiled rice), is the name of a typical Chinese dish of hakka origins made with a blend of grinded tea leaves, peanuts, sesame seeds and boiled rice;

 

  • nian gao, transliteration of 年糕, which is the name of a typical sweet belonging to the ancient traditional Chinese Pastry characterized by a viscous consistency and prepared with glutinous rice flour and traditionally eaten during the Chinese New Year celebrations;

 

  • mah (interjection used for emphasizing something obvious)

and

  •  oei (another interjection often used instead of hey in order to retrieve or revive the attention of interlocutors in informal contexts)27.

Further Readings and Recommended Books

2Eliot Joshua, Bickersteth Jane, Singapore Handbook, second edition, Footprint Handbooks Ltd, Bath, 2001, United Kingdom.

3Backman Michael, Butler Charlotte, Big in Asia: 25 strategies for business success, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2003, United Kingdom.

7Lee Khoon Choi, Pioneers of modern China: Understanding the inscrutable Chinese, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 2005, Republic of Singapore.

16Snow B. Donald, Cantonese as written language: the growth of a written Chinese vernacular, Hong Kong University Press, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, 2004, (PRC).

19Hattaway Paul, Peoples of the Buddhist World: a Christian prayer diary, Piquant Editions Ltd., Carlisle ·Waynesboro, 2004, United Kingdom, United States of America.

20Hashimoto J. Mantaro, The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon, Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, first published 1973, first paperback printing 2010, United Kingdom.

22Grasso John-Francis, The Everything Speaking Mandarin Chinese Book: Simple Techniques to Improve your Speaking and Writing Skills, Everything, F+W Publications, published by Adams Media, Avon, MA, 2007, United States of America.

23Lee Yungkin Philip, Poket Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, Perlipus Edition (HK) Ltd., Singapore, 2002, Republic of Singapore.

24Wan Guofang, The Education of Diverse Student Populations: A Global Perspective, Exploration of Educational Purpose 2, Springer Science + Business Media B.V., Ohio University, Athens, OH, 2008, United States of America.

25Hussain Zakir, How to Use ‘aiah’? Look it up online, lah,The Straits Times Interactive, Singapore, february, 10th, 2006, Republic of Singapore, aiyah int. Exclamation used at the beginning of a sentence to express consternation, despair, dismay, exasperation and so on., trad :«aiyah int. Esclamazione usata all’inizio di una frase per esprimere costernazione, disperazione, sgomento, esasperazione e così via.».

Dr. Biagio Faraci, traduttore tecnico, interprete di trattativa ed international web business consultant

Did you lke this article? Did you find useful information or interesting ideas?

Thank me by sharing it with your friends and colleagues, you just need one click!

It doesn’t cost anything to you, for me it is a great satisfaction and gives me energy and motivation!

😀 THANK YOU SO MUCH! 😀

This article has 9.713 Comments

  2. Does your site have a contact page? I’m having problems locating it but, I’d like to send you an email.
    I’ve got some creative ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing.
    Either way, great blog and I look forward to seeing
    it develop over time.

    Rispondi

  3. I want to to thank you for this excellent read!! I absolutely loved every bit of it.
    I’ve got you book marked to check out new things you post…

    Rispondi

  12. Oh my goodness! Impressive article dude! Thank you, However I am having problems with your RSS. I donít know the reason why I am unable to subscribe to it. Is there anyone else getting similar RSS issues? Anyone that knows the answer will you kindly respond? Thanks!!

    Rispondi

  16. Having read this I thought it was really enlightening. I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this short article together. I once again find myself personally spending a lot of time both reading and posting comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

    Rispondi

  18. Iím impressed, I must say. Rarely do I encounter a blog thatís equally educative and engaging, and without a doubt, you have hit the nail on the head. The issue is something too few men and women are speaking intelligently about. I’m very happy that I found this in my hunt for something regarding this.

    Rispondi

  25. You’re so interesting! I do not think I have read something like that before. So great to discover somebody with some genuine thoughts on this issue. Seriously.. thanks for starting this up. This website is one thing that’s needed on the internet, someone with some originality!

    Rispondi

  28. Hi there! This post could not be written much better! Looking through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He continually kept preaching about this. I most certainly will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he’ll have a good read. Thanks for sharing!

    Rispondi

  31. An impressive share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a friend who was conducting a little research on this. And he actually ordered me lunch because I found it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending some time to talk about this matter here on your web site.

    Rispondi

  36. I’d like to thank you for the efforts you have put in penning this blog. I am hoping to check out the same high-grade content by you later on as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has encouraged me to get my own, personal site now 😉

    Rispondi

  37. Can I simply say what a comfort to uncover somebody that actually understands what they’re talking about over the internet. You certainly understand how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More and more people have to read this and understand this side of the story. I was surprised that you aren’t more popular because you most certainly possess the gift.

    Rispondi

  38. When I originally commented I appear to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now every time a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the same comment. Is there a means you can remove me from that service? Kudos!

    Rispondi

  43. Having read this I thought it was really informative. I appreciate you taking the time and energy to put this information together. I once again find myself spending a lot of time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

    Rispondi

  44. When I initially commented I clicked the “Notify me when new comments are added” checkbox
    and now each time a comment is added I get several emails with the same comment.
    Is there any way you can remove me from that service?
    Bless you!

    Rispondi

  45. Hi there, I do believe your website may be having internet browser compatibility issues. When I look at your site in Safari, it looks fine however, when opening in IE, it’s got some overlapping issues. I just wanted to provide you with a quick heads up! Apart from that, fantastic blog!

    Rispondi

  46. Can I simply just say what a relief to find someone who truly knows what they’re talking about on the internet. You definitely realize how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More and more people need to check this out and understand this side of your story. I was surprised you are not more popular because you definitely have the gift.

    Rispondi

  51. After checking out a few of the blog articles on your web page, I honestly appreciate your technique of writing a blog. I bookmarked it to my bookmark website list and will be checking back in the near future. Please check out my web site too and tell me how you feel.

    Rispondi

  52. After looking at a handful of the blog posts on your web page, I seriously like your technique of blogging. I book-marked it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back soon. Please check out my website as well and tell me how you feel.

    Rispondi

  60. You are so interesting! I do not suppose I’ve read through a single thing like that before. So wonderful to find someone with some original thoughts on this subject. Really.. many thanks for starting this up. This web site is something that is needed on the internet, someone with a bit of originality!

    Rispondi

  64. I totally agree. What are your criteria? Lately Ive been following Damon Vickers, a finacial luminary from Seattle. If you havnt read his book about one global currency, you should get your hands on a copy. I believe that people dont really know the magnitude of the situation we face today. To have a top strategist like Damon Vickers, who called the market plummet in both 2000 and 2008, publicly express the fears of many of the approach of a one world government is fantastic. At any rate, cool list and can’t wait ‘til the next article

    Rispondi

  67. بهترین اپلیکیشن های آموزش زبان
    انگلیسی برای فارسی زبانان

    هردو لهجه رو باید یاد بگیرید برای بخش شنیداری آزمون اما میتونید
    به یک لهجه صحبت کنید. شما می‌توانید انگلیسی رسمی را در متن ها و شرایط جدی و
    رسمی بشنوید یا استفاده
    کنید. به عنوان مثال، در اسناد رسمی، کتاب ها، گزارش های خبری، مقالات،
    نامه های تجاری یا سخنرانی
    های رسمی. در مقابل انگلیسی غیررسمی
    در مکالمات روزمره و نامه های شخصی استفاده می شود.
    مثل نوشتن یا تایپ کردن و از طریق فعالیت های عملی
    مانند پروژه­ ها و بازی­ها به خوبی یاد می­گیرید.
    در سطح متوسط زبان‌آموزان قادر به درک و ارتباط موثر در موضوعات آکادمیک و با واژگان دانشگاهی پیچیده‌تر و گرامرهای متنوع هستند.
    زبان‌آموزان در این سطح می‌توانند به
    راحتی و بدون هیچ مشکلی با انگلیسی زبانان به مکالمه بپردازند.

    آزمون تعیین سطح آکسفورد یکی از متداول‌ترین و معتبرترین روش‌های تعیین
    سطح زبان‌آموز است که مکتب‌خونه آن را به طور رایگان
    در اختیار شما گذاشته است.
    شما به راحتی با شرکت در
    این آزمون و پس از پاسخ دادن به 60 سوال در 30 دقیقه می‌توانید بلافاصله به یک نتیجه قابل اعتماد برسید.
    رشته آموزش زبان انگلیسی از دیرباز با تاکید بر نگریستن
    به ماهیت زبان انگلیسی در تبیین
    خط‌ مشی متعالی تعلیم و تربیت گام برداشته است و به بررسی و
    پژوهش در موضوعات مربوط به آموزش و یادگیری زبان می‌پردازد.
    همچنین مشکلات و موانع آموزش و یادگیری زبان را بررسی می کند و راه حل‌ های جامعی را ارائه می‌دهد.
    رشته آموزش زبان را از این جهت که ترکیبی
    از چندین رشته دیگر است و مفاهیم و مبانی اساسی آن‌ ها را در شالوده خود به کار می گیرد، بین رشته ای می نامند.
    مطمئنن آموزش زبان به صورت حضوری و در جمع افرادی با
    انگیزه برای یادگیری سریع زبان انگلیسی، خیلی بهتر از آموزش آنلاین است زیرا
    می‌تواند در افزایش تمرکز و یادگیری کمک بسیار زیادی
    به شما بکند. همچنین حضور با استاد
    حس اطمینان خوبی را می‌تواند برای شما ایجاد کند که این موضوع می‌تواند راندمان آموزش
    شما را تا حد بسیار بالایی افزایش دهد.
    به همین دلیل، خیلی از افراد کلاس خصوصی
    زبان انگلیسی را انتخاب می‌کنند تا بتوانند ارتباط بهتری با
    استاد زبان خود داشته باشند. برای دوره آموزش
    زبان انگلیسی مخصوص بزرگسالان، در مجموعه پردیسان، از کتاب‌های ویرایش جدید American English File استفاده شده است که جز بهترین
    و معتبرترین کتا‌ب‌های آموزش زبان در سراسر جهان می‌باشند.
    سریع ترین زمان یادگیری زبان انگلیسی

    Rispondi

  70. I blog frequently and I genuinely thank you for your content. The article has truly peaked my interest. I’m going to take a note of your website and keep checking for new details about once a week. I subscribed to your Feed as well.

    Rispondi

  71. Hi there! This blog post couldnít be written much better! Looking through this article reminds me of my previous roommate! He constantly kept talking about this. I most certainly will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he’ll have a very good read. Thank you for sharing!

    Rispondi

  72. You’re so awesome! I don’t suppose I’ve read through something like this before. So nice to discover another person with original thoughts on this topic. Really.. thank you for starting this up. This website is one thing that is required on the internet, someone with a bit of originality!

    Rispondi

  73. Greetings, I do believe your blog could be having browser compatibility issues. Whenever I take a look at your web site in Safari, it looks fine however, when opening in IE, it has some overlapping issues. I merely wanted to provide you with a quick heads up! Besides that, wonderful site!

    Rispondi

  77. I blog quite often and I truly thank you for your content. This article has really peaked my interest. I’m going to book mark your blog and keep checking for new information about once per week. I opted in for your Feed too.

    Rispondi

  78. Having read this I believed it was extremely enlightening. I appreciate you finding the time and effort to put this article together. I once again find myself spending a lot of time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

    Rispondi

  79. Hello there! This article could not be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He continually kept preaching about this. I’ll send this information to him. Fairly certain he’s going to have a good read. Many thanks for sharing!

    Rispondi

  83. Having read this I believed it was very informative. I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this article together. I once again find myself personally spending a lot of time both reading and posting comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

    Rispondi

  87. After I initially left a comment I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on whenever a comment is added I receive 4 emails with the same comment. There has to be an easy method you can remove me from that service? Many thanks!

    Rispondi

  88. Right here is the right web site for everyone who wants to understand this topic. You know so much its almost hard to argue with you (not that I actually will need toÖHaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a subject which has been written about for years. Great stuff, just excellent!

    Rispondi

  94. I have to admit that overall Im really impressed with this particular site.It is easy to observe that youre enthusiastic about your writing. If only I had your writing ability I anticipate more updates and you will be returning.

    Rispondi

  96. Hi there! This blog post could not be written much better! Going through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept talking about this. I am going to send this article to him. Pretty sure he’ll have a very good read. I appreciate you for sharing!

    Rispondi

  97. I’d like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in penning this blog. I am hoping to see the same high-grade blog posts from you in the future as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has encouraged me to get my own blog now 😉

    Rispondi

  98. Wonderful beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your web site, how can i subscribe for a blog web site? The account aided me a appropriate deal. I had been a little bit acquainted of this your broadcast offered bright transparent concept

    Rispondi

  99. My spouse and I stumbled over here by a different web page and thought I may as well check things out. I like what I see so i am just following you. Look forward to finding out about your web page yet again.

    Rispondi

  101. Fantastic beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your site, how could i subscribe for a blog site? The account helped me a acceptable deal. I had been a little bit acquainted of this your broadcast provided bright clear idea

    Rispondi

  105. I have been surfing online more than three hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It’s pretty worth enough for me. In my opinion, if all website owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be much more useful than ever before.

    Rispondi

  109. Having read this I believed it was extremely enlightening. I appreciate you finding the time and effort to put this article together. I once again find myself personally spending a lot of time both reading and commenting. But so what, it was still worth it!

    Rispondi

  112. I really love your site.. Great colors & theme. Did you develop this site yourself? Please reply back as Iím wanting to create my own personal site and want to know where you got this from or exactly what the theme is named. Kudos!

    Rispondi

  115. May I simply just say what a comfort to discover someone that truly knows what they are discussing over the internet. You certainly realize how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people should check this out and understand this side of the story. I was surprised that you’re not more popular because you surely have the gift.

    Rispondi

  116. This is the perfect site for anybody who really wants to find out about this topic. You understand a whole lot its almost tough to argue with you (not that I personally will need toÖHaHa). You certainly put a brand new spin on a subject which has been discussed for years. Great stuff, just great!

    Rispondi

  117. After looking into a handful of the blog posts on your site, I
    truly like your way of blogging. I bookmarked it to my bookmark site list and will be checking back in the
    near future. Take a look at my web site as well and let me know your opinion.

    Rispondi

  122. My spouse and I stumbled over here coming from
    a different page and thought I may as well check things out.
    I like what I see so now i am following you. Look forward to exploring
    your web page again.

    Rispondi

  125. What i don’t understood is if truth be told how
    you are not actually a lot more well-liked than you may be right now.
    You are very intelligent. You realize therefore considerably in the
    case of this topic, made me in my opinion believe it from numerous numerous angles.

    Its like men and women are not interested unless it’s something to
    accomplish with Girl gaga! Your own stuffs great.
    Always care for it up!

    Rispondi

  135. Hi there, There’s no doubt that your web site could possibly be having browser compatibility issues. Whenever I take a look at your web site in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it’s got some overlapping issues. I simply wanted to provide you with a quick heads up! Apart from that, great blog!

    Rispondi

  136. Can I simply just say what a relief to discover somebody that truly knows what they’re talking about on the internet. You actually understand how to bring a problem to light and make it important. A lot more people should look at this and understand this side of your story. It’s surprising you aren’t more popular since you most certainly have the gift.

    Rispondi

  138. It is in point of fact a nice and useful piece
    of info. I’m happy that you just shared this helpful
    info with us. Please stay us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.

    Rispondi

  139. We stumbled over here coming from a different web page
    and thought I may as well check things out. I like what I see so now i’m following you.
    Look forward to finding out about your web page yet again.

    Rispondi

  140. I would like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in penning this site. I’m hoping to view the same high-grade blog posts from you in the future as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has motivated me to get my very own site now 😉

    Rispondi

  141. Hello there, I discovered your blog via Google whilst
    searching for a similar matter, your website got here up, it seems
    great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.

    Hi there, just turned into aware of your blog via Google, and located that it’s truly informative.
    I am going to be careful for brussels. I’ll appreciate if you
    proceed this in future. Numerous other folks might be benefited out of your writing.
    Cheers!

    Rispondi

  142. Next time I read a blog, Hopefully it doesn’t disappoint me as much as this particular one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read through, nonetheless I actually believed you would have something helpful to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you can fix if you were not too busy searching for attention.

    Rispondi

  143. Having read this I believed it was extremely informative. I appreciate you taking the time and energy to put this informative article together. I once again find myself spending way too much time both reading and commenting. But so what, it was still worth it!

    Rispondi

  144. I’d like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in penning this site. I am hoping to view the same high-grade content by you later on as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has encouraged me to get my own, personal blog now 😉

    Rispondi

  145. You could certainly see your expertise within the
    work you write. The arena hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who aren’t afraid to mention how
    they believe. At all times go after your heart.

    Rispondi

  147. This is very interesting, You’re a very skilled blogger.
    I have joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your wonderful
    post. Also, I have shared your site in my social networks!

    Rispondi

  148. I don’t even know how I ended up here, but I thought
    this post was good. I don’t know who you are but definitely you’re going to a famous blogger if you
    aren’t already 😉 Cheers!

    Rispondi

  149. We are a gaggle of volunteers and opening a brand new scheme iin our community.
    Your website offered us with useful information to work
    on. You have dkne a formidable actigity and our whole group might be
    gratefdul to you.
    web site

    Rispondi

  150. I have been exploring for a little for any high quality articles or
    blog posts on this kind of house . Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately
    stumbled upon this web site. Reading this info
    So i am happy to convey that I have an incredibly excellent uncanny feeling
    I discovered exactly what I needed. I most unquestionably will
    make certain to do not forget this site and give it a look regularly.

    Rispondi

  152. Hello fantastic blog! Does running a blog like this take a large
    amount of work? I’ve virtually no expertise in coding but I was hoping to start my own blog in the near future.
    Anyways, if you have any ideas or tips for new blog
    owners please share. I understand this is off subject nevertheless I
    just wanted to ask. Thanks a lot!

    Rispondi

  156. I don’t know if it’s just me or if perhaps everyone else experiencing problems
    with your blog. It appears like soime of the text within your posts are
    runnijg off the screen. Can somebody else please comment and let me kmow
    if this is happening to thhem too? This mighyt be a issue with my web browser
    because I’ve had this happen before. Thanks
    webpage

    Rispondi

  162. Hey there! This is kind of off topic but I need some guidance from an established blog. Is it tough to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast. I’m thinking about setting up my own but I’m not sure where to begin. Do you have any points or suggestions? Thank you

    Rispondi

  163. Hi! I know this is kind of off-topic however I had to ask.
    Does operating a well-established website like yours
    take a large amount of work? I am brand new to operating a blog however I do write
    in my journal everyday. I’d like to start a blog so I can easily share my personal experience and views
    online. Please let me know if you have any kind of ideas or tips for brand new aspiring blog owners.

    Appreciate it! https://prodottiperlacadutadeicapelli.com/fi/foligain.html

    Rispondi

  165. I was curious if you ever considered changing the layout of your website?
    Its very well written; I love what youve got to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way
    of content so people could connect with it better.
    Youve got an awful lot of text for only having 1 or two images.
    Maybe you could space it out better?

    Rispondi

  168. Today, I went to the beach with my kids.
    I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and
    said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She placed the shell
    to her ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
    She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is completely off topic but I
    had to tell someone!

    Rispondi

  170. Howdy! I could have sworn I’ve visited this website before
    but after looking at many of the articles I realized it’s new to me.
    Anyhow, I’m certainly delighted I stumbled upon it and I’ll be book-marking it
    and checking back frequently!

    Rispondi

  172. I’ll immediately grasp your rss feed as I can’t to find your email subscription hyperlink or newsletter service.
    Do you’ve any? Kindly allow me recognise in order that I may subscribe.
    Thanks.

    Rispondi

  173. I got this web page from my pal who shared with me concerning this web site and at the
    moment this time I am browsing this web site and reading very informative
    content at this place.

    Rispondi

  175. Spot on with this write-up, I actually believe that this web
    site needs a lot more attention. I’ll probably be returning to read more, thanks for the information!

    Rispondi
  177. Pingback: газовый котёл отопления

  187. Today, while I was at work, my sister stole my iphone and
    tested to see if it can survive a thirty foot drop, just so she can be a youtube sensation. My iPad is now destroyed and she has 83 views.
    I know this is totally off topic but I had to
    share it with someone!

    Rispondi

  193. Howdy! This is kind of off topic but I need some guidance from an established blog.

    Is it very difficult to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but
    I can figure things out pretty fast. I’m thinking about setting up my own but I’m not sure where to
    begin. Do you have any tips or suggestions? Many thanks

    Rispondi

  198. Nice post. I learn something totally new and challenging on blogs I stumbleupon every day. It’s always interesting to read content from other authors and practice a little something from other websites.

    Rispondi

  201. Howdy! I just would like to give you a huge thumbs up for the great info you’ve got here on this post.

    I’ll be coming back to your website for more soon.

    Rispondi

  218. Greetings from Florida! I’m bored to death at work so I
    decided to browse your website on my iphone during lunch break.
    I love the information you present here and can’t wait to take a look when I get home.
    I’m surprised at how quick your blog loaded on my phone ..

    I’m not even using WIFI, just 3G .. Anyhow, wonderful site!

    Rispondi

  219. Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your weblog and wanted to say that
    I’ve really enjoyed browsing your blog posts. After all
    I’ll be subscribing to your rss feed and I hope you write again very soon!

    Rispondi

  228. Thank you, I’ve recently been looking for information approximately this subject for a long time and yours is the best I
    have came upon till now. However, what about the bottom line?
    Are you certain about the supply? https://www.bendevane.com/dml2014/mackenzieoconnor/2014/09/08/reading-response-video-games-and-the-future-of-learning/

    Rispondi

  241. It’s perfect time to make some plans for the future and it’s
    time to be happy. I’ve read this post and if I could I desire to
    suggest you some interesting things or tips. Maybe you can write next articles referring to this article.
    I wish to read even more things about it! http://braukultur-franken.de/vffb—intern/test-abstimmung/w2dgb14eb249438a20ec5dd63875a5e4a69cd.php

    Rispondi

  249. Today, I went to the beach front with my children. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She placed the shell to her ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is completely off topic but I had to tell someone!

    Rispondi

  261. Woah! I’m really loving the template/theme of this website.
    It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s difficult to get that “perfect balance” between user friendliness
    and visual appeal. I must say you have done a superb job
    with this. Additionally, the blog loads extremely fast for me
    on Firefox. Superb Blog!

    Rispondi

  281. Today, I went to the beach front with my children. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She placed the shell to her
    ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
    She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is totally off topic but I had to tell someone!

    Rispondi

  283. Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew
    of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates.
    I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this.

    Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly
    enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
    https://opinie-suplementy.pl/ranking-najlepszych-produktow-na-zdrowie-i-poprawe-ukladu-odpornosciowego/

    Rispondi

  287. Hey would you mind sharing which blog platform you’re working with?
    I’m looking to start my own blog soon but I’m having a hard time deciding between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal.
    The reason I ask is because your design and style seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for something unique.

    P.S Sorry for being off-topic but I had to ask! https://kiegsszites2020.com/a-narancsbor-elleni-bizonyitott-modszerek/

    Rispondi

  300. Just want to say your article is as amazing. The clarity to your submit is simply excellent and that i could
    think you are a professional in this subject. Fine together with your
    permission allow me to take hold of your feed to stay updated with coming near near
    post. Thank you 1,000,000 and please continue the gratifying work.

    https://supplements-reviews2020.com/practical-tips-for-effective-and-safe-weight-loss/

    Rispondi

  332. Hello just wanted to give you a quick heads
    up and let you know a few of the images aren’t loading properly.
    I’m not sure why but I think its a linking issue. I’ve tried it in two different browsers and both show the
    same results.

    Rispondi

  344. I have been exploring for a little bit for any high
    quality articles or blog posts in this sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I eventually stumbled upon this web site.
    Studying this info So i am happy to express that
    I have a very just right uncanny feeling I came upon just what I needed.
    I such a lot indubitably will make certain to don?t overlook this site and
    provides it a glance on a constant basis. https://opinie-suplementy.pl/jakie-skladniki-zawieraja-najlepsze-tabletki-na-odchudzanie/

    Rispondi

  394. I’ve been surfing online more than 2 hours today,
    yet I never found any interesting article like yours.

    It’s pretty worth enough for me. In my view, if all site owners and bloggers made good content as you did,
    the web will be much more useful than ever before.

    Rispondi

  402. Can I simply just say what a relief to discover someone that actually
    understands what they are discussing on the internet.

    You definitely know how to bring an issue to light and make it
    important. A lot more people need to look at this and understand this side of your story.
    I was surprised you’re not more popular because
    you most certainly possess the gift. http://81jdrc.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=232973

    Rispondi

  409. [url=https://genericcialis5mgwithoutprescription.monster/]cialis|buy cialis|generic cialis|cialis pills|buy cialis online|cialis for sale[/url]

    Rispondi

  426. Please let me know if you’re looking for a article writer
    for your blog. You have some really good posts
    and I believe I would be a good asset. If you ever want to
    take some of the load off, I’d absolutely love to write some material for your blog
    in exchange for a link back to mine. Please send me an email if interested.
    Kudos! femin plus

    Rispondi

  430. I’m not sure why but this site is loading extremely slow for me.
    Is anyone else having this problem or is it a problem on my end?

    I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.

    Rispondi

  449. WEB 2.0 are strong backlinks for its Domain Authority. I am providing High Domain Authority WEB 2 Contextual/Article Backlinks. If your On-Page SEO is appropriately fixed and your Keyword is medium-hard, you can easily rank your site with Diamond Package.

    Types Of Backlink:
    -WEB 2.0 Contextual/Article [#100% Dofollow, #DA26-90]
    -WEB 2.0 WiKi Contextual/Article [#100% Dofollow, #DA10-17]
    -WEB 2.0 Profiles [#90% Dofollow, #DA10-90]
    -WEB 2.0 Social BookMark Profile [#5% Dofollow, #DA20-30]
    -Social BookMark HQ Profile [#20% Dofollow, #DA40-90]
    -High Quality Profile Links [#30% Dofollow, #DA10-65]
    -Forum Profile [#100% Dofollow, #DA10-85]
    -EDU Profile [#100% Dofollow, #DA30-90]
    -High Domain Authority Profile [#40% Dofollow, #DA30-90]

    Diamond Package $50 [Limited Time Offer Only $15, 70% Off]
    -All Types Of Backlinks
    -Contextual/Article Backlink: 150
    -Total Backlinks: 1300
    -Referring Domain: 1300
    -Referring IPs: 1280
    -7 URLs & 7 Keywords
    -Details Reports: XLSX,CSV,TEXT,PDF

    Get this Exclusive Backlink Package for only $15
    Get it from FIVERR: https://itwise.link/web2backlink
    #1 Freelancing Site, 100% Secure Payment

    #It is Limited Time Offer & To Get this Offer, You need to Message me. Simply Copy the Below Text and Send it to me.

    “Hi, I was invited by your email on my website, and I want to buy your backlink service at Discounted Price. Send your discount offer.”

    Rispondi

  460. Aw, this was an incredibly nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to generate a really good article… but what can I say… I hesitate a
    whole lot and never seem to get anything done.

    Rispondi

  477. Heya great blog! Does running a blog such as this require a large amount of work?
    I have virtually no understanding of coding but I had been hoping to start my own blog soon.
    Anyway, if you have any ideas or techniques for new blog owners please
    share. I know this is off topic however I simply wanted to ask.
    Many thanks! detoxyn

    Rispondi

  479. Do you mind if I quote a few of your articles as long as I provide credit and sources back to
    your site? My website is in the exact same niche as yours
    and my users would really benefit from a lot of the information you
    provide here. Please let me know if this alright with
    you. Cheers! detoxyn

    Rispondi

  495. My coder is trying to convince me to move to .net from PHP.

    I have always disliked the idea because of the expenses.
    But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using WordPress on several websites
    for about a year and am worried about switching to another platform.
    I have heard great things about blogengine.net.
    Is there a way I can transfer all my wordpress posts into it?

    Any help would be really appreciated!

    Rispondi

  499. Somebody essentially help to make critically posts I might
    state. That is the very first time I frequented your website page and thus far?

    I amazed with the research you made to make this particular put up incredible.
    Wonderful task!

    Rispondi

  509. Does your site have a contact page? I’m having problems locating it but, I’d like to send you an email.
    I’ve got some creative ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing.
    Either way, great blog and I look forward to seeing it develop over time.

    mass extreme

    Rispondi

  520. Oh my goodness! Amazing article dude! Many thanks, However I am experiencing issues
    with your RSS. I don’t understand the reason why I am unable to join it.
    Is there anybody else having similar RSS problems?
    Anybody who knows the answer will you kindly respond? Thanx!!
    impotens behandling

    Rispondi

  523. Thanks for finally talking about > Top 30 words of Chinese origins you can’
    t ignore if you are leaving to Singapore – Singlish.it – Le meraviglie di Singapore in un click!
    Eron Plus Où Acheter

    Rispondi